The Compound Interest Formula
The standard formula for compound interest is:
Where A is the final amount, P is principal, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times interest compounds per year, and t is time in years.
The Rule of 72
A quick way to estimate compounding power is the Rule of 72. Divide 72 by your expected annual return to find how many years it takes for your money to double.
- At 6% return: ~12 years to double.
- At 10% return: ~7.2 years to double.
Inflation: The Silent Eroder
While your balance grows, the "Purchasing Power" of each dollar decreases due to inflation. If your money grows at 5% but inflation is 3%, your Real Rate of Return is only about 2%. Our calculator shows you both the "Nominal" balance and the inflation-adjusted "Real Value."
Standard Compounding Rules:
- • Savings Accounts: Usually compound daily and credit monthly.
- • Credit Cards: Compound daily on your balance.
- • Investments (Mutual Funds): Usually compound daily based on the NAV movement.
Start Today, Not Tomorrow
If Investor A starts with $1,000/mo at age 25 and stops at 35, and Investor B starts with $1,000/mo at age 35 and continues until 65—Investor A will still have more money at retirement. The early decade of compounding is impossible to catch up to.
Taxes and Growth
If your investment is in a taxable account, you must pay taxes on the interest earned each year. This reduces your "Effective Interest Rate" and slows down the compounding process. This is why Tax-Advantaged Accounts (like Roth IRAs or 401ks) are so powerful—they allow for "Gross Compounding" without the tax drag.